Pop Music Acts With the Most Eighties Billboard Hits

HDTV Implications for High Definition Television Essay

HDTV: Implications for High Definition Television HDTV (High Definition Television) has many positive attributes and is the television set of the future, but the primary concern is how this revolutionary standard can coexist and eventually replace the existing color TV system. This vital problem associated with HDTV is similar to the obstacle that color TV encountered in 1954 - which was enabling the color signal to be read simultaneously with the monochrome signal, without interference. There is an estimated 600 million television sets dispersed throughout the world and about 70 percent of them are color. (Kuhn, 2001: 1). A significant and precarious matter is whether the modern criterion of HDTV should be attuned with†¦show more content†¦As a result of having the screen contain an enormous amount of perception (above all peripherally) vitally enhances the feel of actually being in the film. After the impact of HDTV on the film industry, desire enhanced gradually to create an HDTV structure for lucrative broadcasting. (Kuhn, 2002: 1). The Federal Communications Commission has given its approval to a standardized high definition digital TV. The standard enables digital pipelines that are able to concurrently broadcast one or two HDTV shows, around six Standard – Definition TV programs, tremendous audio signals, and abundant amounts of data. Though, the apparent picture is far from success because broadcasters, electronics companies, and computer outfits linger in confusion over the most superlative solution of how to launch the new era of television technology. (Lazarus, 2002: 1). Another problem that arises is that government and medical officials are concerned that digital transmissions have the ability to interrupt vital medical monitoring equipment in the proximity of hospitals. (Lewis, 1998: 1). In the early 1990’s, optimism for HDTV was increasing globally. Europe and Japan had developed concise satellite broadcasting of high definition signals; however in the UnitedSho w MoreRelated HD TV over IP Networks Essay example2818 Words   |  12 Pages HDTV over IP Networks Table of Contents Introductionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1 About CBNnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1 HDTV Integrationnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2 Area Researchednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Technology Involvednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5 System Architecturenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5 Implementationnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;6 Future Trendsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8 Future Productsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;8 Companies Involvednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;10Read MoreBusiness Government4117 Words   |  17 PagesBusiness, Government, and Society MGT 430 Term Research Paper Television Media Yolanda Scott Sunday, December 13th, 2009 Table of Contents History of the Television†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pages 3-6 Stakeholders of the Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Pages 6-8 Role of the Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pages 8-13 Ethics of the Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 14 Rating of the Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 14-15 Accomplishments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAnalyzing Netflix7929 Words   |  32 Pagesthe pioneer and market leader in the US in streaming and offers shows and movies by video on demand. 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Leadership Theory Free Essays

A manager who is also a leader may be defined as someone who oversees tasks, is accountable for meeting goals, pays attention to profit objectives, and has a â€Å"vision† of where the company is going and why. Decisions reflect an understanding of larger long-term goals. Early research in the field includes the Michigan Leadership Studies (Likert, 1961), which involved interviews with managers and subordinates to determine effective leadership behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The studies isolated and identified at least two major supervisor orientations. They were job-centered or task-oriented behavior and employee-centered or relations-based managerial behavior. Researchers assumed the two types of managerial orientations were exclusive and represented two ends of a continuum with managers being one or the other but not both. About the same time, researchers at Ohio State University were conducting similar leadership studies. The research, which included data from military and industrial institutions, focused on relations-based decision making. The studies identified at least two typologies that were called consideration behavior and initiating-structure behavior. In the former, the manager considers the needs and ideas of subordinates before making decisions. In the latter, the manager clearly defines the duties of subordinates and communicates their functions to them. These were similar to the Michigan typologies, however the Ohio State researchers suggested that managers were not necessarily one kind of leader. Rather, they concluded that a manager could possess more than one orientation and successful managers could and did alternate styles as circumstances changed. The research described previously was helpful in identifying and confirming certain leadership behaviors. However, it was not complex enough to account for different organizational settings or individual deviations, nor did it explain how employees interpreted apparent inconsistencies when they witnessed managers adopting alternate styles of management as circumstances changed. The human relations school trains the foreman to become a leader, implicitly following the traditional model of one-dimensional leadership, widely accepted in political science and the study of history. It is assumed that there is one leader, and that he fulfills the various elite roles, including those that would be defined as instrumental and as expressive by Parsons and Bales (1953). The foreman is trained to direct the production activity of his team, control the pace and quality of its work, advise on technical matters, and represent management in general to the workers. At the same time he is trained to be close to his workers, their friend, a person to whom they can turn for advice and support in personal matters, and so on. If the propositions presented above concerning the dual-elite structure of collectivities are valid, it follows that in order for the human relations line of training to be effective, a foreman would have to be recruited from the limited group of human beings who can effectively fulfill both roles. The rarity of this ability is reflected in the term chosen by Borgatta, Bales, and Couch (1954) to refer to such people: â€Å"great men.† But there is no reason to believe that foremen are really recruited to any significant degree from this rare and highly sought-after group, nor does the human relations tradition recognize the need for such highly selective recruitment. Halpin (1954) showed that the same problem exists when bomber commanders attempt to follow a human relations policy with regard to their men. The subordinates value â€Å"consideration,† whereas those higher in rank than the commanders emphasize â€Å"initiating structure.† The terms consideration and initiating structure, central to the various Ohio leadership studies, come close to the concepts expressive and instrumental as they are used here. The studies stress individualism rather than collectivism. This impacts how workers and managers regard their own relationships as well as those between the company and the individual. If organizational culture is seen as opposed to individualization or as something that impedes or diverts the individual, then supervisor-subordinate conflict is sure to occur in companies where Western values are prevalent. Such conflict affects morale and, in turn, employee production. All media managers must fit their personalities to an existing culture when they join a company. The cultural context, therefore, bears important consideration in all discussions of leadership behavior. As media companies expand into international arenas, it makes sense to understand the various dimensions for cultural analysis. That is, symbols, language, task definitions, and acceptable behaviors vary between workers, countries and even media. A good manager will balance personal style or preference with complex situational variables. Culture is a construct that underlies behavior and beliefs within a company and the society in which it operates. It guides, explains, and predicts processes and products of a media company. Organizational culture can be â€Å"observed† through categorizing and noting patterns of behavior, styles of dress, backgrounds of those hired and promoted, and so forth. Culture also can be defined in terms of shared values or assumptions workers hold about the world and human nature. Such common belief systems result in predictable behaviors and confirming rituals. How to cite Leadership Theory, Essays Leadership Theory Free Essays BA365 Leadership Theory Mid Term Paper For this paper I decide to look at four of the leadership theories. The ones I chose are Trait, Contingency, Situational, and Behavioral. I will talk about the definitions of those four theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also I will discuss the overviews of the four theories including positives and negativities of each. Leadership Theories There is a wide and ever growing variety of theories to explain the concept and practice of leadership; to me leadership is a dynamic and complex process. Per our text book leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes. (Daft, 2011) The theories that I will talk about simplify leadership into different theories. The first I will talk about is the Trait Theory. Trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. (Cherry, 2012) Also Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. Cherry, 2012) Per our text book traits are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self confidence, and appearance. (Daft, 2011) Contingency Theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. (Cherry, 2012) Success with this theory depends upon a number of variables and qualities of the fol lowers and aspects of the situation. (Cherry, 2012) Situational Theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Cherry, 2012) Per our book the Hersey and Blanchard’s extension of the leadership grid focusing on the characteristics of followers as the important element of the situation, and consequently, of determining effective leader behavior. (Daft, 2011) Behavioral theories leadership is based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. This leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. Cherry, 2012) Trait Theory The trait model of leadership is based on the characteristics of many leaders both successful and unsuccessful and is used to predict leadership effectiveness. (Daft, 2011) The resulting lists of traits are then compared to those of potential leaders to assess th eir likelihood of success or failure. Scholars taking the trait approach attempted to identify physiological, demographic, personality, intellective, task-related, and social characteristics with leader emergence and leader effectiveness. â€Å"Trait Theory of Leadership†, 2012) Among the core traits identified are: achievement drive, leadership motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, knowledge of business, emotional maturity, charisma, creativity and flexibility. (â€Å"Trait Theory of Leadership†, 2012) Strengths of Trait Theory include: it’s naturally pleasing, and it gives a detailed knowledge and understanding of the leader element in the leadership process. (â€Å"Trait Theory of Leadership†, 2012) There are some limitations of the Trait Theory. They include: subjective judgment in determining who is regarded as a good or successful leader and the list of possible traits tends to be very long. (â€Å"Trait Theory of Leadership†, 2012) Contingency Theory In contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various contingencies in the form of subordinate, task, and/or group variables. (Daft, 2011) Fiedler’s contingency theory is the earliest and most extensively researched. Fiedler’s approach departs from trait and behavioral models by asserting that group performance is contingent on the leader’s psychological orientation and on three contextual variables: group atmosphere, task structure, and leader’s power position. (â€Å"Contingency Theory of Leadership†, 2012) Fielder came up with his approach to leadership after realizing that leaders could function well if they changed their styles to suit the situation at hand. (Smith, 2012) According to Fiedler, leadership style may be defined as the way leaders and employees interact with one another. Smith, 2012) It should be noted that Fielder’s theory does not cover all the possible factors affecting leadership. Some leaders may be more effective if they undergo training or gain experience on the job. Such factors have not been accounted for by the contingency theory. (Smith, 2012) Fielder was trying to say that leaders are not just successful or unsuccessful. Leaders can either be effective in certain situations and not all of them. Therefore, all individuals can become leaders if they choose the most appropriate situation to apply their leadership styles. Smith, 2012) Additionally, it is possible to make a leader more effective by altering the following; position power, task structure and leader member relationships. Situational Theory The Situational Leadership Theory was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. The model shows that leadership of employees must be adapted to the skills and job maturity of the individual employee. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) The situational leadership style includes four leadership’s styles. They include telling, selling, participating and delegating. Also the situational theory includes four maturity levels. They include: M1, M2, M3 and M4. Telling is characterized by a strong leader categorizing roles for the employees, and who conducts his leadership with one-way communication. This leadership style is very autocratic, and is based upon followers being told what to do. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) Selling is characterized by a strong leader providing direction, but there is more communication with followers. Leaders are trying to sell their messages to the followers, so that the followers understand the importance of their duties, and understand why different processes are important for the organization. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) Participating is characterized by two-way communication and shared decision making. Leaders include followers in job related aspects and in how task are to be accomplished. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) And Delegating is characterized by a leader leaving much of the decision making power to the followers. Leaders are still monitoring progress, but are not as heavily involved in decision making processes. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) The maturity level M1 is followers with this level of maturity lack knowledge, skills, or confidence to work on their own. They often need to be directed and supervised before they take on tasks. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) Maturity level M2 is followers in this category are still unable to take independent responsibility for tasks, but they are generally willing to work at the task. â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) Maturity level M3 are followers in this category are very experienced and able to perform the task at hand satisfactorily. And they do not have the confidence to take on sole responsibility for task accomplishment. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) With Maturity level M4, followers are experienced, and believe that they are able to perform well. They are not only able and willing to per form their tasks, but are also willing to take on independent responsibility for the accomplishment of tasks. By using the situational leadership model, leaders honor the different needs of individuals, leaders may increase the learning curve of followers, and get a more skilled and motivated workforce in return. (â€Å"What is the Situational†, 2010) Behavioral Theory Behavioral approach does not focus on the internal states or mental qualities of the leaders. Based on this theory, a person can learn to be a leader through observation and teaching. This theory believed that the environment is a big factor of how a leader behaves. Most behaviorists assume that in order to understand the behavior of the leaders must be observed. Every behavior can be observed and monitored through the responses in every stimulus. The behavioral theory also assumes that the qualities of a leader are developed, and everyone starts with a clean slate. It is believed that the qualities of a leader are formed based also on the environmental factors. (â€Å"Behavioral Approach†, 2012) Conclusion So in conclusion I discussed in this paper four of the Leadership theories that we have learned about in this class. I went through and defined Trait, Contingency, Situational, and Behavioral theories. I also discussed the overviews of the four theories including positives and negativities of each theory. References Behavioral Approach. (2012). Retrieved September 20, 2012 from http://qualities-of-a-leader. com/behavioral-approach/ Cherry, K (2012). Leadership Theories – 8 Major Leadership Theories. Retrieved September 20, 2012 from http://psychology. about. com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories. htm Contingency Theory of Leadership (2012). Retrieved September 20, 2012 from http://www. utwente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Organizational%20Communication/Contingency_Theories. doc/ Daft, R. L. (2011). The Leadership How to cite Leadership Theory, Essay examples

Logistics Management Productivity and Performance Management

Question: Discuss about theLogistics Management for Productivity and Performance Management. Answer: Introduction With the continuous change in the technology, Zara has been able to set its standards for the product improvement and the availability. The focus has been on the increase of the different promotional activities through the system of online marketing which holds a higher market share. The major strategy of Zara is involvement of adapting the different designs and the manufacturing of the items with the product distribution in stores. this will help in monitoring the sales and the customer trends with their preferences. (Ulgen et al., 2015). The operations theme of Zara is directed to the product development, manufacturing and the supply chain process. The company retail giant delivery through a controlled and integrated process. The different store managers try to take the feedback from the customers about the shop and their shopping so that they can improve according to the feedback. Analysis of the Issues of Zara There have been issues related to the marketing strategy of the communication and technology. The issues are related to the qualifying illiberal democracy where Zara has been playing a major role in handling the product quality with innovation. (Christopher, 2016). The company has a well-planned customised marketing campaign which is set as per the current requirements. The new marketing search captures the innovation with improved quality and the value added products for the customers. (Dadzie, 2015). The adoption of the technology lowers the costs for the different products as per the analysis. Being a globalised firm, Inditex development strategy is the major shareholder for the different markets. This is for the largest countries with an appealing customer base. Zara is based on providing the alternative look to the fashion industry business model to maintain the production process of the in-house rather than the lower cost countries. (Meredith, 1993). The strategy is based on the fact where Zara allows for selling more items at a higher price as this leads to the scarcity of the company. The major issue is the inventory optimisation model which relates to determining the quantity through the retail stores via shipments. (Choe et al., 2015). Reasons for Success Zara entails for the speedy delivery of the products with the vertical integration and the deployment of the Just-in-Time operations for the advanced processes for the success. There has been collaboration of the different products which make the market stable depending upon the strategic use of the organisational resources. (Frohlich et al., 2002). The Comparison of Dell and Zara Logistic Management Dell and Zara has been the corporation where one manufacturers the computers and the other apparels. The supply chain management of Dell includes the customer, Dell and the suppliers. The customers are able to place the order with the Dell procurer to handle the supplier and the parts with immediate assembly and supply. Zara has been able to design, source, manufacture the distribution to the outlets. (Errasti et al., 2015). With Dell, there is integrated supply chain horizontally where Zara has vertical supply chain. There has been isolation from the process of production where the third party works for the finished goods and the delivery. Zara has a complete control on the different phases of the garment production. The company is able to control over the tradings from the crafting to the manufacturing and the delivery. the total control is based on responding to the changing fashions as per the preferences of the customers. (Christopher, 2016). This is able to control the permits where Zara has an issue of delivering new designs in the short period of time. the horizontal supply chain controls the minimum responsibility and coordinate with the smaller procedures. The suppliers of Zara have a vertical integrated supply chain management where it exercises control over the supply. The demand is met and the manufacturing is achieved successfully. Dell is able to handle the supply chain where the suppliers deliver the services with the adequate speed and the accuracy. Dell stress on the high speed delivery of the products where the suppliers 95% are directed near to the manufacturing units. (Errasti et al., 2015). The production philosophy of Dell is to make-to-order strategy. such a strategy has been based on the shorter time san where the orders are made as per the requirement at a reasonable price. There have been competencies for the different partnership firms where the information technology is leverages like Internet and the incorporation of the value chain. Zara has been working on introducing the different designs and the products. They are believed to launch the limited products in the limited showrooms. The major strategy is to make the product exclusion for selling the stock. (Deshmukh et al., 2016). This will help in the lowering of the quantity which equal to the limited supply and compulsion purchase. Zara does not believe in advertising as they want to maintain their brand image. The targets are the product and the expectations of the products. The products have been limited where the customers need to check on the new arrivals. (Christopher et al., 2004). The storage with the indirect distribution channel includes the retailers, suppliers and the assimilators with the end customers. The B2B model has been for the suppliers to order the products online. The production of Zara has been shipped in the different logistics. For the overseas distributions, the inventories are carried out to a larger area which will direct that more stocks from the offers with the commercial managers who takes the orders and pass on to the logistics. (Christopher, 2016). There have been stores which are graded as per the sales with the order accuracy. This will rank to the marketing production. There has been no piling of the stocks. When the product is not being sold in the stores, then the company stops the production for that particular product. Comparison of Myer with Zara. Myer has been able to make no efforts for the segmentation of the markets with the demographic lines and the psychographic customer lines. Zara has been segmenting the market with a particular lifestyle line. (Walters, 2006). This will brand the fashion industry to offer the money. Myer My Store concept has been ambiguous where the target is for the hold of general market. the target group for Zara is mainly between 20-25 years of age. Myer positions has a departmental store with certain extensive products collections which uses the sales strategies of discounts to attract more customers. (Christopher, 2016). Zara has motivated the launching of the fashion products with the temptation of promotional demonstrations and other adequate services. Competitive Advantage The competitive advantage of Zara is that they have a fast production and the distribution strategy which allows in offering the best and the latest fashions. The company is able to produce and distribute the new fashions in the assigned time which helps in changing over the entire merchandise on the display for the time of 3 to 4 weeks. This also increase the customer visit frequency. The pricing model has been the main advantage where the price of the styles is based on its location. With the different markets, there have been different hard financial times where the access is affordable with adequate quality and the fashionable clothing. (Rivera et al., 2016). They have been able to ensure the product development, strategic partnership and the advertising with marketing. The entire setup leads to the sustainability of the product and the profitability of the company. (Mangan et al., 2008). Considering the Just-in-time policy, the monitoring of the inventory patterns with the involvement of holding costs, production times and the reduced defects. This will lead to the proper manufacturing of the units with the lean thinking across the supply chain management with operations of business. The new products of development and innovation has been able to set a strength with the suppliers. The persistent improvement and collaboration contribute to the learning of the organisation with the different customer oriented approach to establish the associated between the manufacturer and the retailer. (Fernie et al., 2015). The learning is based on handling the training and the cooperative ethos strategy of Zara where the brand value is important and the value chain analysis help in depicting the best brand value. HM is able to set the highest ranked number 89 in the company list of 500. There have been different calculations of the brand value which are used through the technique of the discounted cash flow value. Zara has been able to provide the vertical integration to the company which owns different levels of the supply chain. This has been able to optimise the products locally. The centralised decision making process is based on reducing the overall supply chain management with the information centralised to allow the permeability in the different layers of the supply chain. (Christopher, 2016). The strategy is based on holding the designs, sourcing, manufacturing, distribution process and the retailing for the different factors of success, which includes the short cycle time, small batches per pr oduct with the extensive variety of the products for different seasons and heavy information investments. The company has a centralised logistics where it focusses on the order fulfilment to stores. (Fernie et al., 2014). Zara outlet is able to send the orders based on the specific days and the timings. There has been involvement of the design to the procurement, production, distribution and the retail. The solid distribution network enables the company to deliver its products to the different European stores within the time of 24 hours and to other outlets of American and Asian setup. (Pearlson et al., 2016). Explain Similarities Between Zara Dells and Myers The major priority of Zara has been to work on the parent group Inditex which focus on the customers with the demand centric supply chain management. Zara has been the globalised multi-national company and a biggest apparel retailer. The major formula of success for this is that it has been able to bring a speed of delivery, vertical integration and the Just-in-time deployment with the advancement of the different logistics process. The collaboration leads to the development. Zara shop managers where the products are kept and changed with new designs. (Christopher, 2016). Considering the formula for success for Dell, it has been the best company to provide the storage at a lower inventory costs with no extra costs to be spent on the warehouses. Hence, the distribution and the success for the Dell is better since Zara has to store their garments and keep on circulating them for selling their products. Myer has been the company which has no better segment in the market with the demographic lines and the psychographic lines. This is based on the use of the products with the segmentation for the demographic lines and the lifestyle lines. (Christopher, 2016). The company focus on handling the different stores with no satisfactory service. Hence, there are no similarities in the company till the time they are not able to provide a better output to the customer. If the company is able to set its brand image, then they need to work on the strategic logistic management. This focus on the supply chain management which should include the upstream and the downstream customers. The relationship is mainly to deliver and handle the best service at a lower cost. (Pearlson et al., 2016). This also works on separating the different entities between the supply chain management and the logistics. The logistics meet the different demands of the customer by supply the low costs needs. This will maintain the physical goods and the information along with providing a better end customer value. The PESTEL analysis and the Five Force model is able to determine the internal and the external environment. There has been detailed analysis to reach the top of the success with the change in the globalised economic condition. Conclusion With the conclusion, the supply chain works for the hold of the Zaras management which is able to provide the internal value chain setup. This directs for the customer centric services with the leading speed and the customised technology, logistics, vertical integration and the economic scale development. (Choi et al., 2015). There have been key inputs which will hold the collaboration and inventive capacity with knowledge management and the educative development. The mindset of Zara has been customer centric services which help in adding the value to the customer services with the gain of competitive advantage. Reference Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. lgen, V.S. and Forslund, H., 2015. Logistics performance management in textiles supply chains: best-practice and barriers.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,64(1), pp.52-75. Dadzie, K.Q., 2015. Dynamic Transformations and Marketing Channels in African Markets.Journal of Marketing Channels,22(2), pp.81-82. Choi, T.M. and Cheng, T.E., 2015.Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain Management. Springer: New York, NY, USA. Errasti, A., Rudberg, M. and Corti, D., 2015. Managing international operations: configuration of production network for SMEs.Production Planning Control,26(9), pp.691-692. Garca-lvarez, M.T., 2015. Analysis of the effects of ICTs in knowledge management and innovation: The case of Zara Group.Computers in Human Behavior,51, pp.994-1002. Deshmukh, A.K. and Mohan, A., 2016. Demand Chain Management: The Marketing and Supply Chain Interface Redefined.IUP Journal of Supply Chain Management,13(1), p.20. Rivera, L., Gligor, D. and Sheffi, Y., 2016. The benefits of logistics clustering.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(3), pp.242-268. Fernie, J. and Grant, D.B., 2015.Fashion Logistics. Kogan Page. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Christopher, M., 2005.Logistics and supply chain management: creating value-added networks. Pearson education. Christopher, M. and Peck, H., 1997. Managing logistics in fashion markets.The international journal of Logistics Management,8(2), pp.63-74. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Butcher, T., 2008.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Walters, D., 2006. Effectiveness and efficiency: the role of demand chain management.The International Journal of Logistics Management,17(1), pp.75-94. Christopher, M., Lowson, R. and Peck, H., 2004. Creating agile supply chains in the fashion industry.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,32(8), pp.367-376. Frohlich, M.T. and Westbrook, R., 2002. Demand chain management in manufacturing and services: web-based integration, drivers and performance.Journal of Operations Management,20(6), pp.729-745. Meredith, J., 1993. Theory building through conceptual methods.International Journal of Operations Production Management,13(5), pp.3-11.

Genetic engineering Beauty or Beast Essays - Biology,

"Genetic engineering: Beauty or Beast?" Genetic engineering is t he deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. Some people think that Genetically modified crops shouldn't be allowed, this is because g enetically modified foods are not likely to present health risks to humans but there are many concerns as to the outcome of transgenic effects. A genetically modified food can cause an allergic reaction when it did not before it was modified, since transferring a transgene to a food product may alter the product creating an allergen. Therefore, allergies have increased in the past decade because of the different use of chemicals and the modification of genes. Personally I think that genetically modified crops should be allowed but they should have labels on them so allergens know what they can and cannot eat, without labels people may get allergic reactions or even, in worst cases, death. Should genetic engineering on humans only be allowed to prevent diseases? Many people think that if we use genetic engineering on humans, we can erase/prevent diseases. This in some ways is true, for example, we could get rid of huntington's disease. In other ways, this is false because some genetic diseases actually make you immune to another disease, for example, sufferers of sickle-cell disease are immune to malaria because of some traits in the DNA. In my opinion I think genetic engineering shouldn't be used to prevent diseases because then what if we find a safer and more morally correct cure, then we could have killed thousands of people just to find out that there was a safer way. We don't know that such genetic technology will be used for. We have only been adapted to eat one type of wheat, therefore if they change or genetically develop/change wheat, what will we eat? Humans could probably adapt again but it would take a while and we don't know how much of the human race will be left. But on the other hand it might be useful because some types of wheat have been modified to withstand the cold so that could produce more crops for winter. In the USA, wheat has been modified to make more food in one hectare. This change happened fairly quickly, this could mean that our bodies will have to adapt again. Is this healthy? Personally, I think it could be useful but if our bodies have only been adapted to eat one type of wheat it could raise some risk factors. Do we have the right to make decisions about our children's genotypes? We do but it is morally wrong. If you are pregnant and put in danger by this then you can choose to abort the baby and you can also choose to abort if you are raped but morally this is wrong. If you have the money or the means to take care of a child and it's not putting you or the child in danger then you should just keep the child. Personally I do not think that it is morally right to change your child's characteristics. Parents are supposed to love their children unconditionally, by changing the characteristics you are suggesting otherwise. You should accept anyone for who they are especially if they are your child. Therefore, I do not think that it is right ( in any way ) to make decision or choice about our children's genotypes. -8239122133600 Abbygale Lawson

Economic Value Added Essays

Economic Value Added Essays Economic Value Added Essay Economic Value Added Essay Return on Investment and Economic Value Added This ultimately guides stakeholders to make appropriate decisions based on Information available to them to determine what the organization wants to achieve and how the performance will be measured. Organizations that are large in structure and operations focus has been to ensure shareholders wealth are maximizes which means management, investors and other takeovers require to know the performance of the organization as this will aid them to make appropriate. We will consider the measures put in place both financial and non financial that will enable handlers of organization to have a good evaluation of the performance of the business. 1 Organizational Structures According to Tudor Spencer (2005) who stated that No two organizations are financially managed in an identical way. This is because different organizations have different purpose, operate in different environments, have different histories or Just managed by unique personalities with different references (Tudor Spencer 2005; peg 130). Large organizations are grouped into divisional and non-divisional organizational structures. In dillydallied organization the structure causes a decentralization of decision making process as the central head office creates different divisions managed by divisional managers. This is the opposite in non divisional organization as responsibility for profit lies with the central head office. The divisional manages are given autonomy to determine profit responsibility which falls into an investment, profit or cost centre. Investment centre Investment centers are basically decentralized dollops that a manager of an organization has control and maximum discretion. The manager will determine the level and type of capital investment decision the division will handle, operating decision on product mix, pricing and various production methods for the division. Profit centre Profit centers are divisions that the managers do not have control over investments decision making process In the division. The manager responsibility Is to ensure that profit Is generated from operations on the assets from the head office which the division reports to directly. Cost centre Cost centers are divisions where the managers are only responsible for cost but not profit. 1. 1 Divisional Performance measurement Performance evaluation of dollops can be considered In two aspects;- Return on Economic Value Added (EVA) 1. 12 Return on Investment (ROI) The return on investment (ROI) is a performance measurement mostly used for an investment centre. It is expresses divisional profit as a percentage of the assets employed in the operations of the division. ROI = Net income/lamented capital ROI = [Net income X Sales (Revenue) (Revenue) X Invested capital] ROI= Net refit ratio x Capital turnover The intent of this measure is to evaluate the success of an organization or division by comparing its operating income to its invested capital. The ROI is generally an objective measure used on historic accounting information. This is shown in illustration 1 under Appendix 1 where the return on investment of Company A in Division C is analyses. Advantages of Return on Investment measurement . It can be used to make comparison among divisions with different lines of business and sizes. II. Decisions taken by a division to increase its ROI may increase he overall profitability of the organization. Ill. This measure draws the attention of the divisional manager on the assets employed in the divisions and motivates more investment in assets that an adequate return can be derived on them A division can improve ROI in two ways; The profit margin earned per sales dollar can be increased. The sales revenue generated per dollar of invested capital can be increased (this is known as asset turnover). When a manager is evaluated only on the level of profit with no regard to asset employed the tendency would be to increase assets and therefore increase profit. Interestingly, ROI takes into account size differences across the various divisions. For example, assume the managers of divisions A and B earned $1,000,000 and $800,000 in operating income respectively. An assumed interpretation of these differences in operating income would be that the manager of division A performed better than the manager of division B. This viewpoint may not necessarily be correct because the source of division Ass higher income may be its greater size relative to division B. This problem can be addressed when ROI is used to measure each divisions income relative to the asset base deployed. This standardizes the computation into a ratio while less attention is given to the absolute amount. Limitations of Return on Investment measurement According to Morse, et al, (1996), the main disadvantage of ROI is that it can encourage managers, who are evaluated and rewarded based solely on this measure, to make investment divisions that are in their own best interests, while not being in the best interests of the company as a whole. L. Profit can be manipulated by managers by changing accounting policies or the use of different Judgment as noted that Profit is a matter of opinion, cash flow is a matter of fact II. The use of ROI as performance measure for managers may lead to goal incongruence. Where a divisional manager rejects a potential project although generate a positive net present value (NAP) but ultimately reduces the managers ROI. Ill. The problem with using ROI to reward performance in these situations is that managers are penalized, in terms of financial compensation, for decisions made that lower their ROI while increasing the firms wealth. Accordingly, the managers conduct may lead to companys cost of capital. From the firms perspective this is viewed as dysfunctional decision making. From the managers perspective, the over-reliance on ROI as a performance indicator gives the manager no alternative choice. 1. Economic Value Added (EVA) According to Sahara Kumar (2010), EVA is a measurement of the true economic profit generated by a firm. EVA is also referred to as the financial performance measure that is based on operating income after taxes, the investment in assets required to generate that income, and the cost of the investment in assets (or, weighted average cost of capital). Hansen Owen (1997) referred to the three elements used in calculating EVA as operating income after tax, investment in assets, ND the cost of capital. The formula to measure EVA is: EVA = Operating income after tax (investment in assets x weighted average cost of capital). Use of EVA as a Divisional Performance measure In a decentralized organization, divisions are compared with the central head office. The use of EVA encourages divisional managers to maximize the wealth of their various divisions. The use of EVA would ensure that managers invest only in projects which the returns on the project are above the cost of capital of the organization. The primary strength of EVA is that it provides a measure of wealth reaction that aligns the goals of divisional or plant managers with the goals of the entire company. Disadvantage of EVA Performance measurement Although EVA has advantage over ROI, this measure has four limitations that are presented as follows; Size differences The use of EVA has no control over size differences across divisions according to Hansen Owen (1997). A larger division will tend to have a higher EVA when compared to smaller divisions. While EVA is more effective than ROI at aligning divisional managers goals with corporate goals, it has no control for size differences cross organizational units like ROI. Financial orientation EVA is relies on financial accounting methods of revenue realization and expense recognition. If motivated to do so, managers can manipulate these figures by altering their decision making processes (Horned, et al. , 1997). Managers can manipulate the revenue recognized during an accounting period by selecting which customer orders to fill and which to delay. This is basically to increase current period EVA and an adverse blow to customer satisfaction and retention. Discretionary expenditures can be stopped to increase EVA. Managers ay decide not to replace completely depreciated assets and keep the equipment in its financial record. This action lowers the asset base and ensures that no depreciation expense charges are recognized. Short-term orientation The intent of a performance measurement system should be to match employees effort, creativity, and accomplishments with their compensation. According to Hayes Abernathy (1980), the authors referred in their article that although innovation, the unduly penalize failure, the predictable result of relying too heavily on short-term financial measures a sort of managerial remote control is an environment in which o one feels he or she can afford a failure or even a momentary dip in the bottom line. Results-orientation The financial figures prepared to determine EVA and accumulated at the end of an accounting period do not help to ascertain the main cause(s) of operational inefficiencies in a division. These measures offer limited useful information to people charged with the responsibility of managing business processes. The reports state the obvious that performance had declined but they do not help offer solutions to the non accounting business managers who are responsible for improving the value delivered to customers. 1. 4 Possible Solution to mitigate Short term focus of mangers EVA and other financial measures should be a major performance measurement of the organization, but should be in combination with balanced measures that encompass all the performance attributes critical to long-term success. Kaplan and Norton (1992) created a framework tagged balanced scorecard that integrates four types of performance attributes that are important to long term success in an organization. These attributes are embedded in the customer perspective, the internal business process perspective, the innovation and learning perspective, and the financial respective. The strategic objectives of a company are what determine the specific measures it will include in its scorecard. Once a clear understanding of the firms strategy exists, the process of formulating a balanced scorecard begins by selecting appropriate measures for each of the four perspectives. L. The customer perspective by selecting measures that define success from the customers point of view, such as customer retention rates, on-time delivery percentage, or surveys of customer satisfaction. II. The internal business process perspective focuses on nonofficial assure that reflect how well a firm is translating inputs into outputs that are valued by customers. Cycle time, yield percentage, and quality defect rate are examples of internal business process measures that may be used. Ill. The innovation and learning perspective measures are leading indicators that reflect the likelihood a firm will continue to be world-class competitive in the long run. V. The financial perspective is where measures such as EVA, ROI, revenue growth, and stock price make complete sense. EVA would provide useful insight into the wealth creating ability of a division or organization as a whole. Transfer Pricing in an Organization The important feature of decentralization in large organizations is the creation of responsibility centers (e. G. Cost, profit, or investment centers). The performance of these responsibility centers is measured on the basis of various accounting investment. Transfer price is the notional value at which goods and services are transferred from one division of a company to another division in a decentralized organization. The supplying division will give intermediate goods to the receiving division while the receiving division will sell final product to the external market. According to Dry (2009) he stated that The objective of the receiving division is to subject the intermediate products to further processing before it is sold as a final product in the outside market. The transfer price of the intermediate product represents a cost to the receiving division and a revenue to the supplying division (Dry 2009; peg 326). Purposes of Transfer Pricing There are some major reasons to operate a transfer pricing system:- Appropriate transfer prices will assist to coordinate the production, sales and pricing decisions of the different divisions. Transfer prices enable the company to generate different refit figures for the various divisions which aid to measure the performance of each division separately. -Transfer prices ensures autonomy and authority is maintained in divisions. Transfer prices would allow goal congruence. 2. 1 Methods of Transfer Pricing There are four methods of transfer pricing to be considered; Market Based Transfer Pricing In the presence of competitive and stable external markets, many organizations take the external market price as a benchmark for their internal transfer price. Where a market exists outside the organization for the intermediate product and the market is imitative, the use of market price as the transfer price between divisions would generally lead to optimal decision making. Advantages of Market Based Transfer Price l. There are cost savings on internal transfers compared with external sales. Where significant external buying and selling costs exist then a transfer may be set lower than market price to reflect the cost savings from internal transfers. II. The circumstances may lead to negotiated market prices where the total cost savings are apportioned between the buying and selling divisions. In such circumstances an arbitration procedure may be required but too much central intervention of this nature could undermine the autonomy of the divisions. Disadvantages of Market Based Transfer Price l. Where there is no market for the intermediate product or service being considered. II. Difficulty in obtaining a competitive price even when the market exists. Price is only strictly comparable when all features are identical- quality, delivery, finish, and so on. Ill. Market exists but is not perfectly competitive I. E. The market is affected by the pricing decision of divisional managers. V. Market prices that are available may be considered excessive capacity in the intermediate market that current quotations are well below long run average price. In such circumstances the use of either the current, abnormally low price or the long run normal price may lead to sub-optimal decision making on the part of the supplying divisional management or to loss of motivation and autonomy of the purchasing division. Full Cost based transfer pricing systems are usually used because the conditions for setting ideal market prices most times do not exist. For example there may be no intermediate market or the market which does exist may be imperfect. Where the required information is available, a decision rule that would lead to optimal decisions for the organization as a whole would be to transfer at marginal cost up to the point of transfer, plus any opportunity cost to the organization as a whole. Disadvantages of Full cost Transfer Pricing l. The autonomy of divisions would be affected as motivation to do business with other divisions will not be profitable. II. The cost may include inefficiencies of the selling division which would thus be passed on to the buying division. Accordingly, standard cost, rather than actual costs should be used as the basis of the transfer rice in order not to burden the buying department with the inefficiencies of the supplying division. Cost-plus Mark up Transfer Pricing In this method, the transfers are made at full costs plus a profit mark up. The cost plus will be treated by the buying division as an input variable cost so that external selling price decisions based on cost may not be set at levels which are optimal as far as the firm as a whole is concerned. Disadvantages of cost-plus mark up transfer pricing l. The calculated cost is only accurate at one level of output. II. The validity of any pricing decision base on past costs is questionable. Ill. When transfers are made at full cost plus a profit mark up the selling division receives a certain level of profit rendering genuine performance appraisal difficult. V. When the selling division is inefficient or working at low volume the costs may be unacceptably high as far as the buying division is concerned. Negotiated Transfer Pricing Negotiated transfer pricing has the advantage of a free market in which divisional managers buy and sell from each other in a manner at arms length transactions. However, we may not assume that the outcome of these transfer price negotiations will serve the best interests of the company or shareholders. Advantages of Negotiated Transfer Pricing l. Realistic transfer prices are achieved. II. Goal congruence is promoted among divisions of the organization. Ill. Division autonomy and motivation among the managers is achieved. Disadvantages of l. The transfer price could depend on which divisional manager is the better in bargaining rather than whether the transfer results in profit-maximizing production and sourcing decisions. Where divisional managers fail to reach an agreement on price, even though the transfer is in the best interests of the company, senior management might decide to impose a transfer price. However, senior managements imposition of a transfer price defeats the motivation for using a negotiated transfer price in the first place. Organizations basically would adopt the most appropriate performance measure that would increase the overall objective of the organization. This provides a complete representation of a managers performance and ensures a proper balance between processes and results and the short term versus the long term. The financial measures, such as EVA and ROI recognize that ultimately a company needs to hold its people accountable for generating profits; however, the risk of overemphasized worth-run profits needs to be balanced by incorporating the non financial drivers of long-term financial wealth into the performance measurement and reward system. Devotionals organizations operating in a perfect or imperfect market would always find a way to determine the appropriate transfer pricing method to adopt. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages the different transfer methods are required to achieve the overall objective of the organization.

Analzye a Scene Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analzye a Scene Assignment - Essay Example s highly qualified and honored general, and nevertheless he is moor, the Duke of Venice names him â€Å"the valiant Moor†, â€Å"valiant Othello† and shows him great respect. And when Brabantio brings charges upon Othello, Duke doubts about Othello’s guilt and gives him an opportunity to clear his name. Here comes Desdemona, introducing herself. From her and Othello reader figures out about their love story. To my mind, it’s also important how Desdemona’s character opens Othello’s one. We see love between these two and how close they are. Also how they care about each other. When Othello hears that he must leave Desdemona because of his general’s duty, he says: In this scene other characters continue to open too. We see that Iago isn’t only double-faced, but also mercenary. He considers Roderigo (who’s unluckily in love with Desdemona) as a purse, packed with money. Iago selfishly plays on Roderigo’s misery. And we see Brabantio – an old-fashion, conservative father, a racist, who is full of prejudices. I’ve also noticed that with this scene begins a historical background of the play. Sailor and messenger appear with controversial information, during senators and duke’s consultation and suddenly there is need of action – all that brings war’s dynamic, a particular kind of pressure on characters and gives audience an understanding how Othello’s natural environment feels

Foreign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foreign - Assignment Example costs, distribution, advertising costs and government policies are some of the many factors which mostly impacts on the success of a new business in a new country. Physical and demographic environment such as the population, its distribution and growth impact on a new business in that it determines the capital invested in establishing the business and quantity of production. Economic environment goes a long way in analyzing the existing competitor and the availability of disposable income and patterns of expenditure (Hopkins 13). Cultural and social environment touches on a diverse range of factors. These factors which entail situations like education levels and literacy rates can detriment the success of a business in a foreign country. Legal environment constitutes of government guidelines that foresee how trade is oparationalised on the day to day basis. This may include working hours which may vary from country to country depending on its governing legislations.Lastly, political environment also to a great extent impacts on business growth in a foreign country. Constant political turmoil scuttles security prospects which in the long run lead to eventual failure of the

Why Foreign Investors Need to Look at Political Risks in India Essay

Why Foreign Investors Need to Look at Political Risks in India - Essay Example Some of the emerging markets that have captured the attention of intellectuals around the world are China, India, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Indonesia and Turkey. Among the above list, China and India are the markets with the greatest potential. These are the markets where companies enter for quick return on investments. â€Å"Even though emerging markets generally do not have the level of market efficiency and strict standards in accounting and securities regulation like advanced economies -- such as the United States, Europe and Japan -- they are most sought after by investors for the prospect of high returns, as they often experience faster economic growth as measured by GDP.† (Rediff Business, 2011) China’s economy is the fastest growing economy in the world at present. Similarly, India’s growth rate is expected to surpass even that of Japan. Studies by various organisations show that the emerging market economies are set to overtake all the G7 economies by 2020 . Such studies do have enough reasons to substantiate their views. This essay will deal with the strategic expansion of IKEA with its Greenfield operations in India. India had recently opened up its market for 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the retail sector. IKEA did not waste even a day after the decision, the company has started framing board room strategies for the Indian market. Company IKEA is undoubtedly the world’s largest furniture retailer. Though furniture is its flagship product, it is also one of the largest home furnishing retailers in the world. The Company which was established in 1943 is headquartered in Leiden, Netherlands. What make IKEA different from the competitors are its modern and unique furniture designs. Moreover, IKEA designs are also eco-friendly compared to the competitors. When it comes to managerial efficiency and vision, IKEA is a benchmark for any businesses. The company gives extreme focus to cost control and product development bec ause of which they are able conquer new markets without much effort. Cost control gives them an edge over the pricing. The continuous product development helps them to keep pace with the changing trends. IKEA has been on a continuous growth path ever since its inception. The story is no different in 2012 too. â€Å"Net profit at the privately-held Swedish firm, known the world over for low-price, self-assembly, flat-packed furniture, rose 10.3 percent to 2.97 billion euros ($3.8 billion) in the year to last August.† (Reuters, 2012) Russia, China and Poland were the countries that contributed more to the overall sales of the company. This huge increase in profit is despite of the hike in raw material prices. Even at a very high raw material cost the company did not pass it on to the customers. It continued supplying products at lower prices as it used to be. The company is planning for about 3 billion euros of investments worldwide in the coming years. IKEA has constituted its product portfolio in such a way that even during a slump in demand due to economic problems, there are products that are focussed on the cost conscious customers. Because of this, IKEA is able to maintain sales and market share even during a slump in the economy. IKEA is now focussed on its strategy for the emerging markets such as China, India and Russia. Investment Unlike many other companies, IKEA wants their business units to be under their sole ownership. They are not ready for partnering with a domestic player which is why they backed out from Indian market entry years before (India permitted only 51% FDI in retail then). They enter the market with a careful study and examination of the market from

Global Migration: Analysis of Stephen Castles (2004)

Global Migration: Analysis of Stephen Castles (2004) Do you agree with Stephen Castles (2004) that migration policies fail? If so, why? If not, why not? Introduction Migration is one of the most important issues in international politics in 21st century. In 2013, there were about 232 million people-3.2 percent of migrants in the world and it has been increasing since 1990 with 154million to 175million until 2000.[1] People cross borders to have better opportunities, to escape poverty and have a better life for their families. Other reasons might be civil wars, conflicts or geographical problems caused by environmental degradation.[2] However, historically, the characteristic of migration began to change since sixteenth century when the European countries started to expand. Moreover form nineteenth century until the First World War, there was a massive movement from European countries to North America.[3] In addition, the number of migrants has been dramatically increasing after 1945. Meanwhile, in Britain, Western Europe, Australia and in North America the political concern about unwanted migrants and migration control issue have become parts of as ‘high politics’ because migration problems were affecting relations between states in 1960s and 1970s.[4] Especially, in 1980s and 1990s there were intensive efforts in controlling migration in many developed countries and they were trying to establish multilateral or supranational regulation system on migration.[5] However, despite these efforts to control migration, due to the increasing number of asylum seekers especially in Western Europe and Australia have built a public perception that migration policies have tendencies to fail.[6] Moreover, in the United States, the number of illegal migrants has been continuously increasing since 1960s and there are about 11millinion who are illegally living in the US today.[7] Then it would be important to question how migration policies work in the international politics today. Stephen Castles argues it is important to examine the elements that drive such migration processes. According to Castles there are about three main reasons that drive migration policy failure; factors arising from the social dynamics of the migratory process, globalization, and North-South relationships and factors within political systems.[8] The purpose of this essay is to evaluate Castles arguments on why migration policies fail. It will first start with explaining Castles key arguments on why migration policies fail, and evaluating his view on policy â€Å"failure†. It will then criticise Castles argument by using Gary Freeman’s argument on immigration politics in liberal democratic countries. Even though Freeman’s argument of migration polices in liberal democratic states is more applicable than Castles argument it will conclude by criticising both Castles and Freemans’ conceptual frameworks on migration policies. Factors Unmake Migration Policy One of the dominant approaches in forming migration policies until these days is neoclassical theory. It has had played important role in forming migration policies and it is indeed important role in migration studies.[9] This theory is focuses on why individuals migrate from one country to another by using comparison of the relative costs and benefits of remaining home or moving.[10] The key assumptions of neoclassical theory is that potential migrants have good knowledge of wage level and job opportunities in destination countries and that economic factor are the most important reasons for potential migrants.[11] It is also often defined as push-pull factors. Push-factors are economic, political hardships in most poor states and developing countries, and pull-factors include comparative benefits in developed countries such as political freedoms, better economic and employment opportunities.[12] The theory sees migrants as market-players â€Å"who have all information for their opt ions and freedom to make rational choices.†[13] Such assumption of the theory however have been criticised that it does not provide proper evidence to explain or prove actual migration movements today and also predicting migration movement for the future. Stephen Castles argues that neoclassical approach to migration enables to achieve appropriate migration policies because it ignores historical experience of migration movements.[14]According to Castles, there are mainly three reasons that fail migration policies today. Castles argues that it is important to understand historical experiences when setting immigration policies because it gives a better understanding to analyse the migration issues.[15] Castles provides a good example how guest workers policy failed in Germany in 1970s. At that time, policy makers recruited guest workers based on temporary residence principles that were formed when they were setting policies for guest workers. Even though employment opportunity declined, those unwanted guest workers never returned to their countries, but rather, brought in their families and eventually ended up staying for the long period and became as minority in Germany.[16] Castles insight is that once migration processes start they will continue and expand as an ongoing social process. He argues that families and their networks play crucial role in affecting potential migration to make a decision to migrate to destination countries. He argues that all migrants are not just individuals who react to market but social beings who are trying to seek for better outcomes for their lives by actively and continuously building migration processes. Moreover, Castles argues that there are structural dependencies in both sending and receiving states. In many developing countries there are tendencies to support encourage people to move to other states in order to reduce unemployment and in receiving countries there are structural tendencies that they need low-skilled labours in order to fulfil jobs that many local not willing to do.[17] Other factor that unmakes migration policy in Castles words is globalization and the division of North and South. Especially, Castl es emphases that globalization and recent North-South relations play important role in understanding international migration flow today. The number of migrants in North has been increasing and it is mainly Castles says because of the huge gap of inequality between North and South. Migration policies will always fail if they properly address reasons and patterns of economic and force migration movement of global inequality.[18] Moreover, Castles insight is that globalization has an inherent structure that widens the gap between and North and South and cultural and technological mean of overcoming this gap. Moreover, because of national logic inherence especially in European Countries, transnational networks would undermine migration control.[19] The last factor that causes policy failure according to Castles is political system. Migration policy process and transnational networks should be related to an analysis how migration policies formed in states and supranational bodies includi ng examining interests, how they are articulated and how political system functions because this is where most policy failure or as he terms â€Å"unintended consequences of policy† could be explained.[20] In addition, Castles says that most migration policies have tendencies to form for short-term for electoral periods and that it should be changed into long-term as migration is a long-term process. In addition, a huge gap of wealth and and power in the emerging global order mean that not all citizens are equal and this might be the basis of a new system of global economic stratification.[21] In Castles argues that â€Å"migration is all about regulating North-south relationships and maintaining inequality.† He argues that migration control will be successful when the gap of inequality will be reduced in the future.[22] Given the Castles three main perspectives on migration failure above, it shows that he focuses on more structural change of social process and on inevitable circumstances caused by those social changes and globalization that produces gap and inequality of North-South. It could be said that Castles argument is broad and general, and as he defined it as a normative sense. His definition â€Å"failure† of migration policies seems to be more â€Å"unintended failure† that caused by those factors noted above. His view on inequality of North-South that driven by globalization seems to have quite sceptical view on liberal ideology and on those receiving liberal states (North) which he believes is one of the main factors to make people to migrate to other countries today. In this sense, Castles argument on inequality of North-South does not give much answer to a question why migration policies fail. His argument is too vague, broad and general that it fails in terms of giving s pecific and persuasive explanation on migration failure. What he argues about policy failure is rather inherent and natural phenomena caused by inequality than more realistic. It is true that the number of migrants from South moving to North is the fastest growing looking at migration trends today as Castles argued.[23] Then it leads to an important question how immigration politics and policies might function in liberal democratic countries. Gap Hypothesis of Migration Policy The term gap hypothesis is when implementations of immigration control policies have different outcomes as they were made in the first place and such gap between stated policies and their results are growing wider.[24] One of the most notable arguments of gap hypothesis is Gary Freeman arguments on how migration policies work in liberal democratic states. Freeman’s perspective is focused on more domestic structure of migration countries.[25] According to Freeman in liberal democratic countries the number of migrants has been continuously growing despite of public negative opinion on migrants. He says that it is because in most liberal democracies immigration policies are never reflected by general public they are ignored and information on migration is quite poorly articulated.[26] It leads to an interesting question who, then distributes and influences in forming migration policy in those countries.[27] According to Freeman there are three factors that affect policy making pr ocedure in liberal democratic countries-individual voters, organized group and state actors. He suggests that in order to have a better understanding on what forces migration polices it is important to understand how public officials interact with organized groups during elections because in democratic states as he says, organized groups have power to control politics of immigration.[28] Organized opinion is more applicable because it reflects the distribution on costs and benefits of immigration and they have much more impact than general public because in politics vote-maximizers find it in their electoral interest to fulfil it.[29] Freeman defines it as â€Å"client-politics†. In client politics, particular or well organized groups have strong interests in working with officials who have responsibilities in making migration policies. Most active and influential actors and beneficiaries are employers who are dependent on unskilled workforce, businesses and ethnic groups are a constituency with important resources that can advocate their interest.[30] Others, who have to bear their costs, do not have such position to influence policy makers and general public who have to compete with jobs, housing, school and government services have difficulties to solve such problems, and face difficulties in influencing immigration policies.[31] Such environment of policy making process in liberal democratic countries leads to a structure where migration clients can actually influence migration policy making process and where immigration policies are influenced by groups who actually benefit from them. Freeman’s argument on how client politics works in liberal democratic is certainly more applicable than Castles view, because it focuses on how migration policies actually function in liberal democratic states. Freeman argues that migration policy making process is influenced by migration politics which involves particular actors distribute in making. Such client politics model in liberal democratic countries shows why immigration policies tendencies of different outcomes. Even though Freeman’s model of client politics more acceptable, still there is a lack of providing clearer framework in order to explain on migration issues today. It is more bias of those classical migrant societies such as United States, Canada and Australia. This also leaves quite sceptical view whether Freeman’s conceptual framework will always work for other emerging migrant countries in the future. Freeman’s insight is that new emerging migration states will follow those liberal democratic states when forming migration policies because migration policy making process and structure of liberal democratic countries. However, Freeman does not pay much attention to asylum seeker and its policies in those liberal democratic states. According to James Hampshire, in order to explain asylum seekers and why states receive them is more a complicated issue because there will be other actors and organizations who are going to be involved.[32] It is then, hard to apply F reeman’s argument of migrant politics. According to United Nations High Commission for Refugees asylum trends report 2012, the United States, France, United Kingdom, Germany and Sweden were the top five receiving states, together accounting for more than 57% of all new asylum claims submitted in 44 industrialized countries.[33] The overall numbers of asylum seekers were about 274,200 in 2012. It clearly shows that Freeman’s framework of does not provide clear explanation of asylum seekers and its policies in migration politics either. Conclusion Stephen Castles argument on why migration policies fail gives a good explanation on how migration is processed and how has been historically changing. He argues that migration should be perceived as a social process that has inherence of changing continuously once migration process starts. Castles argues how globalization and division of North-South affects contemporary migration process, and how the gap of inequality between North-South continuously widens. Migration policy failure might be unintended but because of political system within receiving countries. The problem with Castles argument is that it could be too broad and general to analyse migration policy failure in receiving countries. Freeman’s client politics seems to be more applicable in terms of explaining migration politics, policy failure in liberal democratic states and also in terms of how organized groups are influential and involved in policy making process in those countries. However, Freeman’s argument framework of immigration politics is also problematic because he fails explaining asylum seeker policies which are quite controversial issues these days. Moreover, as noted above, there is quite huge number of asylum seekers and liberal democratic countries are the top five receiving states in the world. Both Castles and Freeman’s argument provide some perusable explanation of migration policies, however, both of them fail in terms of providing clear explanation of complex issues of migration policies today. There are other scholars who have different perspective on how migration politics, however, due to the limits of this essay it was heavily focused on Castles and Freeman view on how migration politics work and why immigration policies fail. Bibliography Castles, S Miller, M (2009) The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan Castles, S (2004) ‘The Factors That Make and Unmake Migration Policies’, International Migration Review, Vol. 38, p.852-884 Castles, S (2004) ‘Why Migration Policies Fail’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.27, pp. 205-227 Cornelius, W. A. (Ed.) (2004) Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Stanford University Press, Freeman, G (1995) ‘Modes of Immigration Policies in Liberal Democratic States’, International Migration Review, vol.29, pp.881-901 Hampshire, J (2008) Disembedding Liberalism?: from Givens, T., Leal, D. L. (Eds.), Immigration Policy and Security: US, European, and Commonwealth Perspectives. Routledge Pew Research ‘U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Population Trends, 1990-2012’: (http://www.pewhispanic.org/2013/09/23/unauthorized-trends/#All) (accessed on 23.03.14) Portes, A Borocz, J (1989) ‘Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation’, International Migration Review, vol. 23, pp.606-630 United Nations, Trends in International Migrant Stock: (http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm) (accessed on 23.0314) UNCHR ‘Asylum Trends 2012: Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries’, (http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/unhcr108.pdf) (accessed on 25.03.14) 1 [1] United Nations, Trends in International Migrant Stock: (http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm) (accessed on 23.0314) [2] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) The Age of Migration :International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, p.2 [3] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) p.3 [4] S. Castles(2004) ‘The Factors That Make and Unmake Migration Policies’, International Migration Review, Vol. 38, p.856-857 [5] S. Castles(2004) p.857 [6] S. Castles(2004) p.857 [7] Pew Research ‘U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Population Trends, 1990-2012’: (http://www.pewhispanic.org/2013/09/23/unauthorized-trends/#All) (accessed on 23.03.14) [8] S. Castles(2004)‘Why Migration Policies Fail’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.27, p.208 [9] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) pp.21-22 [10] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) pp.21-22 [11] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) pp.21-22 [12] A. Portes J.Borocz, (1989) ‘Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation’, International Migration Review, vol. 23, p.607 [13] S. Castles M. Miller (2009) p.23 [14] S. Castles(2004) p.208 [15] S. Castles(2004)‘Why Migration Policies Fail’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.27, p.208-209 [16] S. Castles (2004) p.208, Cornelius, W. A. (Ed.) (2004) Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Stanford University Press, pp.225-230 [17] S. Castles (2004) ‘The Factors That Make and Unmake Migration Policies’, International Migration Review, vol. 38, pp.860-861 [18] S. Castles(2004) p.223 [19] S. Castles(2004) pp. 210-212 [20] S. Castles(2004) p.223 [21] S. Castles(2004) p.223 [22] S. Castles(2004) pp. 212-223 [23] S. Castles(2004) p.210 [24] Cornelius, W. A. (Ed.) (2004) pp.4-5 [25] J. Hampshire (2008) Disembedding Liberalism?: from Givens, T., Leal, D. L. (Eds.), Immigration Policy and Security: US, European, and Commonwealth Perspectives. Routledge, pp.110-111 [26] G. Freeman(1995) ‘Modes of Immigration Policies in Liberal Democratic States’, International Migration Review, vol.29, pp.882-883 [27] G. Freeman(1995) p.883 [28] G. Freeman(1995) p.885 [29] G. Freeman(1995) p.886 [30] J. Hampshire (2008) p.112 [31] G. Freeman(1995) p.885 [32] J. Hampshire (2008) pp.112-113 [33] UNCHR ‘Asylum Trends 2012: Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries’ (http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/unhcr108.pdf) (accessed on 25.03.14) Roy Lichtenstein: Art Style Analysis Roy Lichtenstein: Art Style Analysis A work is created when it is prepared over a period of time, the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in different versions, each version constitutes a separate. (copyright.gov). A derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works art reproduction in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted or other modifications, which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a derivative work. (copyright.gov). Looking at the many pieces of Roy Lichtensteins art and researching the terms created and derivative, he is seen to be controversial because many people consider him to be a copy cat artist. At the time Lichtenstein was producing his prints in question there were copyright laws in effect but it seems that they were never put into action. The Boston Globe produced a story about Lichtenstein titled Roy Lichtenstein Creator or Copy Cat? Deconstructing Roy Li chtenstein  © 2000 David Barsaolu MFA. That article is not the first of its kind; the first article was produced January 31, 1964 by Life magazine titled, Is He the Worst Artist in America? After reading these articles and looking at the prints I noticed that they do have a very close resemblance to what the United States copy right laws prohibit. I happen to think not but I am sure that as there are as many admires of his art and talent as there are probably just as many who disagree with my opinion. I find it quite intriguing that not one of the artists has sued Mr. Lichtenstein for monetary reimbursement or even document to settle out of court. Maybe at that time there was some sort of loop holes for creative art that kept copyright laws at bay. Whatever the reason Roy has become very well known and made a great living with his art. The 1940s were the beginning of Lichtensteins career as an artist with is first drawing class in 1941 at Ohio State University prior to that he graduated from Franklin, then studied anatomical drawing at the Art Students League and participated in a few exhibitions, then he was drafted in to the U.S. Army in 1943 and sketched some works of soldiers and landscapes. His father becomes ill and dies January of 1946 dies. Roy is discharged from the Army late January. Lichtenstein spends theses 10 years getting formal training and taking part in many exhibitions. June 12, 1949 Roy marries Isabel Wilson. The 1950 was quite a year for getting established and becoming a known artist for Roy, he held many jobs from 1951-1957 some of them lasting only a few months, and his first son is born in 1954. Roy continues to be seen at exhibitions but at more popular venues with better known artists. In 1956 Roy creates his first photo pop work by lithograph Ten Dollar Bill and in March his second son i s born. In 1957 Roy begins to use abstract expression style in his paintings familiar work is Donald Duck. Abstract paintings are shown for the first time in June 1959. January 1961 he exhibits abstract paintings made with a torn bed sheet by applying paint to them. Then later that summer Look Mickey is the first of a panel from a comic strip that is pained with Benday dots made from a dog brush dipped in paint, you can see he also uses his first balloon dialogue. Roy then creates his first consumer paintings for advertisers, tries new techniques tondo painting, diptych painting, and blue with white to duplicate reproductions. 1961 proved to be a great year in October Roy received a $400.00 a month stipend from the Leo Castelli Gallery and has a trial separation from his wife. In 1962 he begins to use turpentine soluble acrylic paint but did not stray away from oil paint for the simulated Benday dots. Early summer of 1962 Roys pen drawings are shown for the first time and his consum er goods and comic strip art is shown early fall on the west coast in a gallery. In 1963 Roy pained his first large scale work and it was commissioned by Philip Johnson to create a mural, for the New York State Pavilion at the 1964 Worlds Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York. Roys first European exhibition was later that summer. Roy divorces his wife in 1965 and she take custody of the kids he then creates a series of ceramic heads with co artist Hui Ka Kwong, experiments with modern motif and that autumn stops working with ceramics. In 1966 Roy stops putting words on his canvas, in April Roy illustrates the cover of Newsweek magazine the entire edition is devoted to POP Art, and in the autumn 1967 he collaborates to create a series of sculptures made of brass, tinted glass, marble and other materials. In 1968 he creates is first repeated design modular paintings and stretcher frame paintings, Time magazine cover features Kennedy painting and a Rendering of a Gun at the end of the yea r he married Dorothy Herzka. In Osaka, Japan seascape films are shown in 1970 that Roy filmed and he sold painting #6 for $75,000.00 the highest paid for work of art at that time for any living artist. In 1971 Mirrors was shown publicly, his films of seascapes were shown, and in ducted in to the American Academy of Arts and Science in Boston.1973 trompe-loeil and Cubist Still Lifes are used with faux wood grain pattern for the first time, 1974 begins influenced work by Italian Futurism, and entablatures series using metallic colors mixing sand with paint to highlight surface texture. 1975 starts a series influenced by Purists Artists, 1976 paints Office Still Lifes, Completes Entablature Paintings, creates many self-portraits in Futurist style, and Warhol creates a silkscreen Lichtenstein. 1977 Roy starts a series based on Surrealists artists, Skowhegan Medal for Painting is awarded, and BMW commissions Roy to design outside of race car later driven in the year at Le Mans. In 1980 R oy is awarded honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Southampton College in New York and in 1980 paintings and sculpture and from 1970s and 80s are touring America, Europe and Japan and 1989 his painting Torpedo.Los! sold for 5.5 million joining two other living artists whose work brings in as much. In 1990 Roy begins and Interior series painted with sponges that are shown in 1991, commissioned in 1992 for a 64 foot high sculpture for the Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. In 1993 Roy contributes a cover image for Fredrick Tutens book, creates two giant pieces of art, Grrrrrrrrrr! appears on the front of ARTnews, and begins a series of nude female works. April 30, 1997 the last interview ever given by Roy, Singapore Brushstroke is the last constructed artwork installed, and September 29, Roy Lichtenstein dies. I chose three pieces of work from three different time periods in Roys life as a focus. Each piece is from a period that is important how he creates his work and how he develops his style. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1 is oil on canvas 26*32 in 1951, is a form of abstract expressionist and is painted very child like. George Washings is what catches your eye at the front of the boat. All the lines are simple and the people are drawn simple and the colors are dark. The BMW 320i that was designed for the Le Mans 24-hour race in 1977 was clearly a car that had already seen what was on the road ahead by looking at the sun shining and the stretches of road on it. You see his style of the comic strip on it with the long lines suggesting super speed and his famous Benday dots on the design. Last I chose the Barcelona Head 1992 as the last to show that no matter what the media he uses and what he does that since he has developed his style he continues with consistency. The sculpture was was done in the spirit of the Catalan architect Antonio Gaudi and placed on the rebuilt water front. What I have not touched on is that Roy is considered controversial because many of his works of art are out right copy cats and that he was never accused by the original artist but was later confronted by articles about his work. I dont have a opinion about this and not much to say on the matter but it was his early practice to copy Picassos work also. I perceive it of his style and I do know that what he has created on his own is very original and wonderful to admire and pleasing to the eye at least for me Sources used Roy Lichtenstein Creator or Copy Cat? Deconstructing Roy Lichtenstein. David Barsaolu MFA. 2000. January 28, 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/deconstructingroylichtenstein/395941200/. www.HYPERLINK http://www.copyright.gov/title17. January 28copyright.govHYPERLINK http://www.copyright.gov/title17. January 28/title17. January 28, 2010. http://www.image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=80. January 29, 2010. Lawrence, Alloway, Roy Lichtenstein, Modern Master Series Vol I, Cross River Press LTD, 1983.

Incest Essay -- essays research papers

Incest Incest is one of the most interesting taboos of our time. The definition of incest is a highly controversial topic. Yet, the definition of incest is one of the most important definitions for the people involved, though the law's and psychologists' meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest. The people who commit incest, and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definition dissimilar between the law and psychologists, it is very difficult for the involved to do anything about it. The definition is both stated as wrong by law and by most religious morals. According to psychologists, incest is defined as A- any intimate physical contact that is sexually arousing between non-married members of a family." (Justice, pg 25) What this is interpreted as is that sexual intercourse does not need to occur for a situation to be considered incestuous. Stroking, fondling, or even intimately kissing can be considered incest. This is not all true for the law's definition. In Georgia, incest is defined as any sexual intercourse between known relatives, by blood or by marriage, (meaning a step-parent and step-child.) Incest laws basically exist to prohibit marriage or inbreeding between family members, and the sentences are almost never carried out. (Kosof, pg 53) So incest is stated as wrong, but not enforced. The Bible states that incest is wrong, just as the law does. ACursed be he who has relations with his father's wife... Cursed be he who has relations with his sister or half-sister!" (Deu 27:20,22.) Therefore, the definition can be altered to fit the needs of the definer. The different forms of incest are as follows: father-daughter, mother- son, brother-sister, and father-son. Conditions of incest don't always involve intercourse, but still hurt the included. So, the conditions should help to define the firm meaning. "But surely at fourteen, I should have been capable of escaping..." (Armstrong, pg 7) Father-daughter is the most common form of incest. Three-fourths of all reported cases usually involve dad and his oldest daughter. It is usually non-... ...ween mother and father. Mom either denies dad sex, there is a major life crisis, or opportunity knocks. The opportunity for incest occurs when mother is gone all the time and so the daughter assumes the role of the mother. When this happens, there is a need for treatment. This is when the definition of incest is most important. The children are very scared and need confidence. If he/she tells a psychologist or teacher, that person is required by law to tell the authorities. (Kosof, pg 53) When the authorities are contacted, the definition comes into play. The child wants to feel safe, and if their definition of incest doesn't live up to the law's, then the charges could be dropped and the child gets into more problems with incest. Therefore, the background of the incest is very important to the law's definition. By the people involved, the form, and why it occurs are critical to helping the child out when defining the term. The definition of incest by the law should be closer to the definition of psychologists in order to help out the family. AIt is evident that we still know very little about how to treat the sexual offender and the abused child effectively." (Kempe, pg 109)